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Microelectronics: Introduction, Evolution Of Microelectronics And vacuum-Tube Equipment.

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MICROELECTRONICS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Learning objectives are stated at the beginning of each topic. These learning objectives serve as a preview of the information you are expected to learn in the topic. The comprehensive check questions are based on the objectives. By successfully completing the OCC-ECC, you indicate that you have met the objectives and have learned the information. The learning objectives are listed below. Upon completion of this topic, you will be able to: 1. Outline the progress made in the history of microelectronics. 2. Describe the evolution of microelectronics from point-to-point wiring through high element density state-of-the-art microelectronics. 3. List the advantages and disadvantages of point-to-point wiring and high element density state-of- the-art microelectronics. 4. Identify printed circuit boards, diodes, transistors, and the various types of integrated circuits. Describe the fabrication techniques of these components. 5. Define th...
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Summary of direct current generators

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SUMMARY This chapter introduced you to the basic principles concerning direct current generators. The different types of dc generators and their characteristics were covered. The following information provides a summary of the major subjects of the chapter for your review. MAGNETIC INDUCTION takes place when a conductor is moved in a magnetic field in such a way that it cuts flux lines, and a voltage (emf) is induced in the conductor. THE LEFT-HAND RULE FOR GENERATORS states that when the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the left hand are extended at right angles to each other so that the thumb indicates the direction of movement of the conductor in the magnetic field, and the forefinger points in the direction of the flux lines (north to south), the middle finger shows the direction of induced emf in the conductor. AN ELEMENTARY GENERATOR consists of a single coil rotated in a magnetic field. It produces an ac voltage. A BASI...
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Latent heat of vaporization and of fusion explained by the kinetic theory

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Cooling by evaporation experiment Latent heat graph Latent heat of vaporization   Most of my students did not completely understand latent heat. So I will try to keep it as simple as possible.   When a kettle is put on a boil the temperature of the water steadily rises until it reaches 100 °C. At this temperature it starts to boil, that is to say bubbles of vapour form at the bottom and rise to the surface, where they burst and escape as steam.   Once the water has begun to boil, the temperature remains constant at 100 °C. But at the same time, heat is being steadily absorbed by the water from the gas flame or heating element. This heat, which is going into the water but not increasing its temperature, is the energy needed to convert the water from the liquid state to the vapour state.   Experiment shows that 2260000 J are required to convert 1 kg of water at its boiling-point to steam at the same temperature. This is known as the spec...
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